In this paper we concluded that "Knowledge is a polymorphic concept" (Moteleb & Bakry 2004). Knowledge, information, and data are different facets to the same thing. One thing could mean data in a certain context and the same thing could mean information or knowledge in different contexts.

We also emphasised the importance of knowledge exploration and knowledge exploitation. "KMS in organisations need to maintain a balance between knowledge exploration and knowledge exploitation" because organisations which are engaging in knowledge exploration alone typically suffer from the fact it never gains the returns on its knowledge, and organisations which are engaging in knowledge exploration alone ordinarily suffer from obsolescence (Moteleb & Bakry 2004).  Knowledge exploration includes activities such as research and development, risk taking, experimentation, discovery, innovation (De Pablos 2002), and can be created inductively or deductively, while knowledge exploitation includes activities such as refinement, choice, production, efficiency, selection, implementation, execution (De Pablos 2002), and can be created through conversions between tacit and explicit knowledge.

We then proposed a generic model for knowledge creation - as depicted in the figure below - to allow organisations to engage in both knowledge exploration and knowledge exploitation concurrently, which - in our view complements the SECI model of Nonaka. Yet this model needs to be empirically evaluated in organisations.

You can access the full paper on CISTM 2004

References:

Moteleb A. & Bakry, W., (2004), ‘Polymorphic Nature of Knowledge: Towards a knowledge creation model’. Proceedings of the conference of Information Science, Technology and Management (CISTM2004)Nonaka I. & Takeuchi H. (1995), “The Knowledge-Creating Company”, USA: Oxford University Press

Nonaka I. & Takeuchi H. (1995), “The Knowledge-Creating Company”, USA: Oxford University Press